OVERSPECIALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Change away from the family doctor who was able to treat the whole family and know each member personally to the heavy reliance on machines, tests and specialists is leaving people dissatisfied. The personal touch has gone, and compassion has been replaced by cold and unappealing medical technology. (See box on ‘Opportunity Costs of High-Tech Medical Diagnostic Equipment).

GROWING SOPHISTICATION OF THE PUBLIC
With the TV becoming so widespread in India, people are aware of health matters and their rights. They resent the high cost of medical care, and the often poor quality, and the inherent dangers e.g. medicines, surgery, etc. They are wanting a say in the type of treatment and want to be responsible involved in their own healing process. People want to exercise their right to question - not swallow whole whatever the doctor or medical personnel say., They want mutual respect in the healer/healee relationship.

NEW INTEREST IN THE POWER OF THE MIND
Enough verifiable data have appeared about the ability of the human mind to play a major role in overcoming illness to make the entire field enormously attractive to laymen. With each new book on the power of the human mind or its influence over the autonomic nervous system, the gap has widened between the public and the medical profession. While some doctors accept this knowledge and incorporate it in their healing methods, others are disdainful as sufficient scientific research has not been done to systematically scrutinise such phenomena. They feel that the entire field has been somewhat colored by guesswork and extraordinary claims. Doctors who use biofeedback have produced undeniable evidence that the mind can be trained to play an important role in prevention and curing disease. And so the pull goes on between the doctors and the public - as people press for greater emphasis on mind-body interactions.

People Are Not Healthy
Life expectancy has changed little since 1900 inspite of all the dramatic technological advances. Chronic sickness, cancer, respiratory disease and alcoholism plague many. Others feel emotionally unbalanced and dissatisfied with life. Add to this the high rate of suicide, mental illness and other serious social problems and you will see why people turn to a possible way to live long and healthy lives.

WHAT IS HOLISTIC HEALTH?
Health is that condition of the individual that makes possible the highest enjoyment of life, the most constructive work, and that shows itself in the best service to the modern world. Ivan Illich (1976) says, "Health levels will be at their optimum when the environment brings out autonomous, personal, responsible, coping behaviour."
Holistic Health is a direction towards integration of mind, body, and spirit including consciousness raising by exploring our inner space. It emphasizes health education and self responsibility. In the process of healing all modalities may be used - surgery, medicine, chemotherapy, radiation, nutrition, rehabilitation, hypnosis, acupuncture, parapsychology and religion.
There are many factors outside the province of medicine that play significant roles in undermining our quality of life - poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, morality, crime, divorce, human unhappiness, stress: especially stress, for that causes a multitude of pathological conditions. Holistic Health is more ecological in orientation than allopathic medicine. It acknowledges the infinite resources available to the individual. It insists on dangers from self-destructive life-styles to prevent occurrence of severe disorders as well as decrease in our dependency upon more sophisticated bio-medical technology.

THE ENDOCRINE ORCHESTRA

Let us look at the subtle and crucial role of the endocrine system. Along with closely allied automatic (involuntary) nervous system, the endocrine takes information from the brain integrated with subtle signals from Nature’s clock and carries these to the body cells to produce the rhythmic music of life.
We can picture this orchestra as follows: First we must have a composer. The composer is the midportion of the brain, known as the hypothalamus. Its job is to contact its surroundings and pick up the appropriate tune. It passes this on to the conductor of the orchestra, the pituitary gland. Our body cells, by aid of hormones, are the instruments.
The word ‘hormone’ comes from the same root as the word harmony. Harmony in human beings is very dependent on the harmonious function of hormones, which depend very much on a mind at peace. Hormones operate through the mediation of our brain. We know that the brain functions both consciously and subconciously. The conscious functions are under the direct control of the cerebral cortex, and the subconscious functions control the various organs of our body. These are thought to be mediated through the hypothalamus and nearby basal ganglia.
Under ordinary conditions we do not have control of our subconscious activities, but through training and strict discipline these can be partly brought under voluntary control. Acts that we frequently repeat - such as many of the maneuvers associated with driving a car - are gradually shifted into the realm of subconscious response.
There is so much interest nowadays in the endocrine glands and their connection to the seven main chakras, or spiritual energy centres in our bodies. So whether we approach this orchestra spiritually - and open the chakras (and endorcrine glands) through meditation and contemplation, or physically through knowledge about the endocrine gland system and then by training and discipline, bring them under our control, the effect is the same: balance, harmony, health.
Hormones are chemical messengers which act in one of three ways -

• - they can alter the rate of synthesis of enzymes, and other proteins;
• - can influence the catalytic function of enzymes; or
• - can affect the permeability of cell membranes.

New discoveries show that the brain’s message to the several hormone-producing glands and the circulatory system affect the immune system. In turn activity of the immune system influences the brain. And the sheer power of the brain on the body is amazing. Scientists have confirmed that a witch doctor can cause death by convincing the victim that they are going to die. Many studies have shown that some patients will stop feeling pain after a doctor has administered as inert drug called a placebo provided the patients believe they have received very powerful pain killers.
The endocrine orchestra and its role in defending the body is dependent on a functioning thymus, which relies on impulses from the hypothalamus in order to initiate immune-system activity. Thymus gland activity governs endocrine function responsible for the maturation of T cells, which are of great importance in general surveillance and in antibody production. Since 1950, work has been reported showing that the brain, particularly the structures involved in emotion (the hypothalamus and the pictuitary gland), could be artificially stimulated to increase or decrease the activity of the immune system. All this points to the great importance of positive thought and emotions on health. When we learn that "love is rhythm and hate is discord; generosity is rhythm. While selfishness is discord; trust is rhythm jealousy is discord; hope is rhythm, despair is discord; faith is rhythm, fear is discord; honesty is rhythm, deceit is discord. Thus, as long as a person’s mental states are held in tune with the rhythm of the universe, their well-being is assured. When discord is allowed in the thought life, that well-being is lost".
So we see the crucial role played by the endocrine orchestra to influence every cell of our body and to produce the rhythmic music of life. We must be the Director of this orchestra and maintain a score to be played of positive thoughts, words, and actions. Then only can our music bring healing to us, others, and our world.

HARMONY AND BALANCE IN MEDICINE

The rise of allopathic medicine with its scientific approach became the dominant paradigm in the 20th century particularly in the Western World. It viewed the world as a sort of giant mechanical machine governed by strictly rigid laws of nature. This left out the spirit both in man and in nature. Such a concept led to various assumption such as :

1. Disease was conceptualized as an outside organic entry that invaded the body and attacked a particular part.
2. The appropriate treatment for an illness is a bio-chemical agent that will counterattack the casual agent and neutralize it. So the physician’s role was seen mainly as selecting a pharmaceutical or surgical intervention aiming it at the afflicted part.
3. Since bodies are considered to be essentially the same (like machines) personal consciouness was not considered to be a significant variable. So the same intervention was applied to different patients as long as the organic symptoms were the same.
4. Knowledge regarding treatment is complex and known only to the specialist and therefore the patient is seen as a passive recipient of the intervention, preferably without interference or resistance, since the doctor knows best.

This model of medicine arbitrarily excludes consideration of emotions, consciousness and psychosocial variables and focuses more on specific areas such as the biochemistry of infectious diseases. It neglects, for the most part, the interrelationship between mind and body, psychological and biochemical aspects of the disease and leads to a purely onesided effort.
so long as the biomedical field continues to emulate the Newtonian model, the above mentioned assumptions will continue to be perpetuated. However, many discerning persons and some professionals have begun to question these assumptions and as a result of their disillusionment with the way health services were being handed out, the concept of Holistic Medicine developed.
Individual doctors, scientists and lay people were responsible for initiating the holistic movement, each in their own way. Today the bolistic approach is gradually gaining increasing attention from professionals and consumers like, but still the biomedical model continues to dominates especially among the urban educated.
The theme central to the holistic approach is individual responsibility for one’s health. Only when a person takes responsibility for their health can they be truly healed. Each person is unique, no treatment, dose, or rigid regime is suitable for all. The person is such a wonderful harmony of spirit, body, mind and emotions, that they must be treated as such and not regimented into textbook cures. The whole area of beliefs, attitudes, and values effect health and must be a part of the cure. And the persons interaction with others, family, work, world must be dealt with.
The concept of holistic approach to health is not a new one. In fact it is as old as medicine itself. Great medical teachers have always impressed upon their students the need to make a careful assessment of everything that may interact in the cause and course of a disease. Hippocrates, the first major historical name in Western medicine was both a theoretician and a practitioner. He tried to close existing gaps between the understanding of disease and its treatment. He was quite essentially holistic when the insisted that it is natural for the human body to heal itself, and that this process can generally take place even without the intervention of a doctor.
The holistic principle has been restated many times as a basic guideline for sound medical practice. A half-century ago, Arturo Castiglioni, in his History of Medicine, wrote that the "physician above all should keep in mind the welfare of the patient, his constantly changing state, not only in the visible signs of his illness, but also in his state of mind, which must necessarily be an important factor in the success of the treatment. "One would be blind not to recognize that before and after the advent of modern scientific medicine there were great and able healers of the sick who were not men of science but who had the ability to reassure the patient and thus favourably to influence the course of illness. It is also obvious that there have been excellent scientists who were very mediocre practitioners. Thus history teaches that any division of the science and art of medicine is necessarily harmful to practice. If holistic concepts are not new, how are we to account for the extraordinary popular interest and their development into a world view movement?
Holistic Medicine merely reconnects to roots and goes forward with each person taking responsibility for their own health and also that of the environment in which they live. It doesn’t leave out any system which is helpful, it educates and tries out what is the best and most appropriate choice of healing and uses it. It says that a man cannot be healthy until he is in balance and harmony within himself, his neighbout, his environment, and his God.

THROUGH ILLNESS TO SELF-REALIZATION

there is nothing wrong with illness - often we need to break down in order to break through to a high level of wellness. Even at the ordinary level there are always benefits of illness. In a culture where feelings are given little importance and emotional needs vital to a person’s well-being are frequently ignored, disease can fulfill an important purpose: It can provide a way to meet the needs that a person has not found conscious ways of meeting. If you ask patients what is the benefit of their illness they will tell you, I get more love and attention, time away from work, reduced responsibility, lessened demands, and so on. This may provide temporary respite, but it can also be a trap - you may want to stay sick to get the benefits : The whole point is to recognize the illness as a problem in your life and to solve it. It is not enough to cure the symptom, you must get at the cause of the disease. Often we are so blind and deaf to our bodies, that we need a serious illness to bring us to consciousness. Often the first steps is to legitimize emotional needs. Once you have done this, you can work out other ways of meeting them than by illness. Wholeness is pressent in essence in the seed of the individual, but it becomes an actuality only gradually as the process unfolds. New depth psychology points out that man is not hollow or empty, there is ineed a living seed in man, a seed of growth, a seed of creativity, yes, a seed of divinity. We need to help that seed mature into the fullest measure of its potential. We need to help that seed mature into the fullest measure of its potential. We need to strengthen out capacity of inward contact to achieve personal growth. Instead of looking at illness as pathology, we look at it as a push from the unconscious to reach to the potential by finding the meaning of the illness. We teach people how to evoke from the depths of the payche, the energy latent in the seed potentiality. Holistic medicine aims at bringing forth an emergent quality in persons, an integral awareness of being, out of the mire of tension and illness. It goes beyond removing symptoms, and its primary goal is not therapy as such, but development of the personality as a whole. This helps the person become what it is his nature to be to achieve self realization. The psyche in a human being carries the unfolding purposes of his life, but in a form that is difficult to trace. It speaks to us in images and we must learn the meaning before we can get the messages. So we need to know how to work with dreams, images, artwork and day-dreams, and discover the meanings of personal and universal images. Fairy tales, myths, and metaphors are useful in this.
We need to touch our spiritual depths, the sacred. The quality of the sacred will then become a part of our existance as an endless truth ever unfolding in our lives. We will become at home on the dimension of the spirit. And it dosn’t say at the level of one person’s growth. As a person develops their capacity to enter the depths of life through his psyche, it will radiate outward to influence others. And when a sufficient number of persons improve the quality of personal being, it will be felt as a presence in the community. And gradually we can redirect the destructive course of history through transforming the people by disciplined involvement in their development. Simonton’s find five major areas in which people most frequently benefit from their illnesses:

1. Receiving permission to get out of dealing with a troublesome problem or situation.
2. Getting attention, care, nurturing from people around them.
3. Having an opportunity to regroup their psychological energy to deal with a problem or to gain a new perspective.
4. Gaining an incentive for personal growth or for modifying undesirable habits.
5. Not having to meet their own or others’ high expectations.

By using the lessons of illness as a starting point, we can educate ourselves to recognize our needs and take the opportunity to satisfy them. This is the creative use of illness to move to self realization, learning and using holistic responses. See Table 1 for a listing of therapies helpful in working through illness to self realization

THE MIND AS HEALER

All healing is in the right brain, when we learn the meaning of symbols and imagery, we can train the mind to strengthen the immune system and cure illness. This is called neuroimmunomodulation (NIM). Before exploring this further we will first speak of the concept of divided consciousness.
For some time it has been known that the brain is divided into two sides, left and right. It is also known that if damage is done to the left side of the brain, the right side of the body tends to become paralysed. In other words, each side of your brain controls the opposite side of your body. See Figure 1 for the listing of left and right brain.

Table 1

Therapies Helpful in Working Through Illness to Self Realization

The research of Professor Robert Ornstein of the University of California has thrown more light on the different Activities handled by each side of the brain.
Starting with the realization that the two halves of the brain are biologically similar and can more realistically be thought of as two identical brains working in harmony, rather than as one brain divided into two, Professor Ornstein decided to find out if each of our separate brains handles different intellectual activites in addition to the different physical activites. Placing special caps for measuring brain waves on some of his students, he asked them to do different kinds of mental tasks. They were asked to add lists of numbers, write formal letters and essays, arrange strange coloured blocks, analyze logically and think "daydreamy" thoughts. All the time these activities were being performed, Professor Ornstein was measuring the brain waves coming from the two halves of each person’s brain. His findings were both surprising and significant. In general, the left brain handles the following mental activities: Mathematics, language, logic, analysis, writing and other similar activities. The right side of the brain handles very different activities, imagination colour, music, rhythm, daydreaming, and other similar activities. Ornstein also found that people who had been trained to use one side of their brain more or less exclusively were relatively unable to use the other side, both in general and those special situations where the activities specifically related to the other side were particularly needed. Even more significant, Ornstein found that when the "weaker" of the two brains was stimulated and encouraged to work in cooperation with the stronger side, the end result was a great increase in overall ability and effectiveness. Ornstein among others, suggests that different types of thought takes place predominantly in each hemisphere. The left hemisphere is more animated when the brain is engaged in rational, logical, digital thought. The right hemisphere is more active when the person is thinking in metaphorical, pictorial, musical, poetic, symbolic or analogic Terms. In various life tasks, one or the other mode of thought and hemisphere predominates.
Psychologist and hypnosis researcher, Ernest Hilgard, has clinically demonstrated that we have two types of consciousness. he worked with several patients who, while under hypnosis, were not knowingly aware of various sensations (e.g. pain or loud noise). However, these same individuals via unconscious mechanisms such as automatic writing or raising a finger could nonetheless communicate that some other part of them did perceive this pain or noise. Hilgard concludes that each peson has two or more separate distinct consciousness. he thus theorizes that techniques such as hypnosis, and probably also meditation and deep relaxation shift a person from ordinary consciouness to subtler levels which are typically outside of awareness.
When a person enters the relaxed, receptive inward-oriented state, he moves to a less dominant type of perception, which brings him into contact with different realities, including what Hillgard calls the unconscious observer. When he practices relaxation, meditation, autogenics and imagery, he is training himself to utilize the type of awareness embodied in the right brain. While in this state he can obtain information from himself that is not available to every day consciounsess, and he can send messages, suggestions and commands to his unconscious and his body. The unconscious speaks in a language that is comprehensible only to the right brain. It communicates through the symbolism of dreams, intuitions and metaphoric images, not in logical sentences. To tune into these messages, we must first bring ourselves into that mode of perception.

IMAGERY, IMAGINATION, AND MENTAL IMAGERY
Imagination is by far the most neglected and underdeveloped of the normal abilities of the human mind. The ability of mind to create and re-create mental pictures of things and events not presnet (which we call imagination and the professionals call imagery), is little understood as a mind resource.
Yet imagination is the forgotten and rusting key to many treasures of the mind. Imagination is the marvellous uniquely human ability to mind to create and re-create life’s experiences and life’s thoughts and hopes and dreams in infinite variations both pragmatic and chimeric. Imagination can recreate the past with the highest fidelity. It can transmute it to fit the whims of emotion. It can project its fabrications into any future it chooses. Images are used to solve problems or to gain relief from mind pressures by fantasy, or just to amuse oneself. Images, moreover, don’t merely guide behaviour, they exert a very real action on the physiology of the body. Any kind of mental image - visual, auditory, tactile, muscular, emotional or intellectual - all determine the physiologic activity of both body and brain.

Imagination is recalling from memory, bits of information obtained from all kinds of experience, then shaping them into some kind of meaningful train of thought or reverie. There are as many ways to imagine things as there are ways to perceive things. So little is known about imagination and how it is accomplished in the brain and where it comes from, that the general public is by and large totally unaware thta there are great variations of imaginative processes.
Imagination - the making of mental images - is nearly always assumed to be a process of conjuring up visual imags. "Picture that in your mind’s eye", or "Can’t you just visualize him doing that?" are phrases we learn in childhood. Our early learning is saturated with the teacher’s urging us to "Close your eyes, now, do you have a good picture of that? " A large part of intelligence testing is based on the assumption that everyone can visualize, that they can imagine by using visual images. yet the real fact that perhaps only 25% of human beings are capable of making reasonable good visual images must be faced.
For many people mental images are not visual, but are dominated by memories of sounds, or of touch, body feelings, muscale activity, emotion, or even abstract concepts. Relatively few people have "pure" images, confined to one sense or one emotion. People who have intense, real-as-life, vivid visual image are relatively rate, perhaps less than 10% of the population, just as few possess the ability to make intense vivid auditory images. Most of us create and recreate images that reflect the way we see, hear, or feel and think about experience, with sensations of "seeing" or "hearing" mixed in with sensations of feeling and emotion.
Two remarkable effects of imagery, scientifically validated but woefully underexploited for their powerful effects on human minds and bodies are (I) that the more specific the image, the more specific the effect, i.e. the image excites exactly those physical mechanisms of the body to produce reaction to the image; and (2) the effect of the mental image is to cause an expenditure of physical energy. See Table 2 for reference of research on imagery and healing.
Imagination makes the body work. Imagine lifting a heavy weight, you feel the muscles tense. The body is working, it is expanding real physical energy. Mental images direct and activate the nerves to make the body work and work in exactly the way the imagination dictates.
As a mode of treatment, imagery has definite advantages. It has no negtaive side effects that may endanger or injure the ill person, nor can it conflict with or jeopardize other therapies. Therefore, as increasing number of physicians and health teams are experimenting with these exercises, adding them to the treatment process. We have written about our work with cancer patients using Guided Imagery, relaxation, Yoga, etc. in 1980 at a Cancer Research Unit in Pune. It is reported in two issues of Health for the Millions.
These articles talk of how biofeedback can be learned without the use of machines. Biofeedback is an exercise in relaxation which develops self-awareness and control of the autonomic nervous system. Just as mental exercises can produce a balanced state of relaxation and biofeedback can help you control specific automatic responses, so can mental images affect the speed and effectiveness of healing. Once you learn the proper language and style of communications, you have the potential to assist your physician by exercising considerable control over internal healing functions.
Negative Imaging : People in general are more expert in producing negative images. It is like wearing filtered opinion glasses, we block out awareness of facts, so life appears true to pre-set opinions. These negative images come from opinions and beliefs we formed mainly in early life and which are working against us. Healing means we have to choose the ones we want to keep and let the others go. Once you form an opinion, it acts like a magnet for all associated events. circumstances and people. To change those opinions, is not easy - but it is possible, and once the new interpretation is established as a habit, we experience joy and peace. Emotions are generated by ideas and images in your mind, so it is very necessary to change all negative thinking and imaging to positive.

PERSONALITY TRAITS
Personality Traits: Psychologists Moos and Solomon have studied the personality traits of persons suffering from auto-immune disease. They are :

1. self-sacrificing: allow themselves to be imposed upon
2. unable to express anger (repress feelings), restricted in their expression of emotion.
3. masochistic, sometimes to an extreme
4. quiet, introverted, reliable, conscientious (inhibited and unassertive behaviour).
5. conforming
6. sensitive to criticism
7. over-active and busy
8. stubborn, rigid, and controlling
9. unable to cope with stress
10. alexithymia: inability to verbalize emotions.

However in later studies they qualified their earlier statement that there is a distinct personality pattern by saying there is rather an "immunosuppression-prone" pattern. The above moods and attitudes to reverberate, throughout the body and cause illness however.
Another theory put forward says that disease is caused by a poor neuronal link between the two halves of the brain. The right emotional side of the brain cannot find expression through the verbal left side of the brain because of poor communication of emotional information across the two sides of the brain. As a substitute for expressing emotions verbally, a peson might do so physically, through illness.
It is also possible that the disease precedes the personality traits. Achterberg-Lawlis (1985) points to one comparison study of newly diagnosed arthritis patients, patients with other chronic diseases, and patients who had been suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for a long time. The only groups that resembled each other in personality were the newly diagnosed arthritis and those who had the disease for a long time. This finding, she said, could be explained one of two ways. Either an arthritic personality might have been manifesting itself, or the painful and crippling effects of the disease shaped the beahviour and attitudes of the victims. Rather than the personality causing the disease, the disease might have produced a distinct personality. Perhaps George Solomon’s arthritic personality traits were merely the consequences of living with chronic disease.
These studies of personality factors have greatly broadened the interest of medical practitioners in their treatment to stress far more the behaviural factors of disease.

IMAGINATION AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
There are two kinds of imagination:

• - spontaneous, which is produced by the subconscious. It is formed from memory and telepathic input. It is largely governed by existing opinions about self and about life, and by resulting habits of thought.
• - willed: this is imagination you construct by a conscious act of will.

We can combine the two in healing since all illness is caused by inharmonious beliefs that effect our basic survival system. The technique called visualization, or imaging has been used in healing for many years now. Neuroscientists are discovering pathways between brain and body which show how it is possible for the mind to influence the immune system. This new science, called psycho-neuroimmunology (PNI), or neuroimmuno-modulation (NIM) actually began years ago by a physiologist, Walter Cnnon in the 1920’s when scientists first started to understand the stress response as a mind-body connection. Especially in the last decade scientists have shown the collaborative relationship among the mind, the brain, and the immune system.
Twenty years ago George Solomon, then a psychiatrist at Stanford University became interested in the interactive links between the mind and the immune system. He found that women with inherited tendencies for rheumatoid arthritis, succumbed to the disease more frequently if they had certain personality traits - passive, long-suffering individuals. He found that damage to a portion of the hypothalamus weakens the immune system. The mind-immune system connection was accidentally disovered by University of Rochester psychologist Robert Ader while working with rats. He theorized that by training rats to abhor sweetened water, they suppressed their immune system and got sick and died. he and Nicholas Cohen tested his theory with rats bred to die of lupus erythematosus. For them a suppressed immune system would be life saving - they suffered less from the lupus inflammation and lived longer. Other scientists explored the relationship of the mind, the neurological wiring of the nervous system and the biochemical realm of the immune system.
The immune system is an extraordinary and complex piece of work. Dr.Steven Locke describes it as a surveillance mechanism that protects the host from disease-causing microorganisms. It regulates susceptability to cancers, infectious diseases, allergies, and autoimmune disorders.
These findings are changing the way medicine is practiced. Mind exercises that guide the body’s immune system along a healing curve are being taught in many clinics. Hope-enhancing exercises are given to shape attitudes that are physically beneficial. These are used for patients slated for such treatments as heart surgery and kidney transplants. The negative effect of conditioning is well known. Why not put this powerful force to positive use.
Another important positive force in healing is the faith and trust the patient has in the doctor. From this relationship images are created which can turn the course of the disease. It is not the diagnosis which kills but the expectations and images accompanying it. It is not what they’re told, but how they’re told and how they are helped to deal with the diagnosis and how they choose to receive the message within the context of their own belief system.
Every thought is accompanied by electrochemical change. So if you think is pill is helpful, it is metabolized in a different environment than if you think it is poisonous. The active mechanism is the imagination of the recipient. The effect is clearly in the belief attached to the treatment. What passes through the mind can produce alterations in the body’s chemistry. The main ingredient is the human belief system.
Dr.Michael Samuel adds the use of imagery as the basic health education and health care tool, to his other medical procedures. He provides exercises for training in both receptive and programmed visualization. In receptive imagry, you tune in, allowing the spontaneous images to serve diagnostically. In programmed imagery you direct the imagery to heal. This is helped by reading medical books. Xrays, lab reports, etc. Samuel suggests "erasing bacteria or virusts, building new calls to replace damaged ones, draining swollen areas etc." always end seeing the part already healed. So we see the strong impact of mind and healing.

NEURO IMMUNO MODULATION
To carry the idea of right brain healing forward, we cite further work of some researchers in NIM. NIM simply means you can put your right brain to work for your healing by using positive imagery to strengthen your immune system. The immune system works to keep all infection out and to keep you healthy. Your negative thinking weakens your body’s defence system - just as positie programming strengthens it. Medical Research has gone beyond the merely physical aspects of healing. This is especially true in Europe and America. At the fringe of a new era of healing come mind exercises to strengthen the immune system and to see how the psyche protects us from disease. Using the mind to sway the immune system is a solidly based new and growing branch of research called by different names, of which the two main ones are : Psychoneuroimmunology or PNI and Neuroimmuno-modulation or NIM. Just as negative thoughts can cause sickness to body and mind, so also positive thinking can be a powerful healer. One of the many researchers in training the brain to enhance immune defences is Dr.Novera Herbet Spector of the national Institutes of Health, Bethesda, maryland, in the Sciences Program. he and others are documenting important two-way links between the brain and immune defences. Dr. Spector calls these studies NIM, a term he coined in 1979. Already two international conferences have been held on this work, and an International Association has been formed. Studies showed that the two hemispheres of the brain have different effects on the immune system defences. See Figures @ and 3 or Central Nervous System’s effect on the immune system. The late Dr.Normal Geshwind of Harvard University reported that left-handed people were more likely than right handers to suffer from disorders of the immune system.
George Solomon, Psychiatrist and Alfred Amkraut at Stanford University studied the effect of stress on illness. They probed for clues linking stress to the immune system. Solomon suggested this new science be called psychoimmunology. The next step was, how to contro and direct this influence.
Robert Ader of University of Rochester saw how to do it - by conditioned response, so he added ‘neuro’ to the name and it became Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI).
The mind is the link between disease and the environment, the controlling force of the body’s protection system, the storehouse for the secrets of health and disease. The study of these factors is the subject matter of one of the most exciting fields in science today. It is the area in which the research on the role of the imagination in health has been most clearly delineated using scientific method. Today we must look beyond pathological tissues to examine the many facets of psychology and physiology and determine cause and cure of disease. Stephen Locks and Mady Horning Rohan published an annotated bibliography of over 1300 scientific articles, all written since 1976, relating to the mind’s influence on immunity, and the associated neuro-endocrine pathways. Like all great discoveries, this work is coming simultaneously from hundreds of investigators, who, working independently, are arriving at a single-minded conclusion. We can no longer think of immunity from disease as something that can be studied exclusively in a test tube or under a microscope, or otherwise only outside the living organism. The immune system is smarter than that. It reacts to messages from the brain; it is, in fact, controlled by the brain. Over the past decade the discipline of PNI has begun to answer a question that has eluded science for centureis: How do our thoughts, attitudes, and feelings affect our health? The explanation offered by PNI: There is a collabortive relationship among the mind (psycho), the brain (neuro), and the body’s immune system (immunology). What we have learned of the interplay of all these, promises to change the way medicine is practiced in this and the next century.
Dr.Michael R. Ruff and Dr.Candace Pert of National Institutes of Health discovered that important brain chemicals including beta endorphin, enkephalin and dynorphine, tend to attract the scavenger cells called macrophages. These are cells the immune defense system sends to injured tissue to help heal wounds. This shows the link between the brain and the immune system. These findings offer specific clues to a generality that has been obvious to scientists for a long time: that the brain is not only the organ that controls behaviour, but is ultimately the monitor and governor of every aspect of body function and chemistry. For example, the brain and nervous system influence the digestive system and orchestrate the complex chemistry of the endocrine glands. In turn the functioning of these vital systems can have profound effects on behaviour - necessarily through effects on the brain.
The new discoveries suggest many specific interactions of a similar kind between the brain and immune defenses. The brain’s message to the several hormone-producing glands and the circulatory system affect the immune system.
At Michigan State Univesity, several investigators including C. Wayne Smith and John Schneider, have repeatedly tested the relationship between the imagination and the immune system. Their findings suggest that the imagination can control certain functions of the neutrophils.
Immune system structure can be thought of as comprising three separate limbs, the afferent, central, and efferent. The afferent limb is the first to respond to the introduction of an antigen in the system. This primary response involves 3 types of immunocompetent cells: 1. the T-cells which are thymus derived: 2. the B-cells or Bursal Equivalent cells, which initiate the immune response; and 3. macrophages, which have the capacity of engulf foreign particles. The central limb of the immune system is concerned with the sequence of immunization and galvanizes defense mechanisms against the disease process. The extent of immune response to a given antiven and possibly the nature of its interaction with immuno-competent calls, depends on the number of preexiting T and B cells capable of responding specifically to it. In the efferent libm, the T cells destroy the antiven by direct contact or by secreting toxins, and immunological response is completed. While the immune response is in general-self limiting the feedback mechanisms involved are poorly understood. However it is clear that these mechanisms involve both physiological and psychological factors. This appears to be particularly true in infectious disease, autoimmune disease, allergies and cancer. According to Solomon, "Stress and emotional distress may influence the function of the immunologic system. Thus environmental and psychological factors might in some circumstances be implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer - as well as of infectious and of auto immune diseases, which seem to have an association with states of relative immunologic incompetence. These are considerable data to link personality factors, stress and particularly, failure of psychologic defences to the onset and course of cancer and of infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Stress appears to affect chiefly the efferent, and to some extent the afferent limbs of the immune system. Solomon and his colleagues theorize that macrophage activiteies are probably a major if not the most imporant target, since they play a significant role in all three limbs of the immunological system.
Basic immunological research of Solomon and others has strengthened the hypotheses that stress induces small changes in immune mechanisms. Effective interventions may be able to regulate these minor imbalances before they become amplified beyond correction. Today the evidence is overwhelmingly in favour of a vital role for the central nervous system (CNS) in NIM, and indeed there is some evidence that the CNS can also initiate certain immune responses (neuroimmunogenesis - NIG).
It is common knowledge that the immune system is characterized by a high level of autonomy of the process taking place at the cellular level. It has been demonstrated that the actions of the thymus, the thyroid glands, the pituatary body and of some parts of the brain affect the intensity of the process of immunogenesis. The most effective of the CNS elements are the actions of hypothalamus and limbic system. The maintenance of immune homeostasis is ensured by the combined action of the thymus and bone marrow. See Figures 2 and 3. For the purpose of classification, the evidence of NIM and NIG can be divided roughly into three categories whose boundaries, of course are overlapping "psychic", neurophysiologic and cellular-molecular NIM or PNI brings in a whole new era of medical research and treatment regimes. See Table 1 for some therapies found helpful in working through illness to self -realization. While on the one hand, more and more serious autoimmune diseases such as AIDS are expected, on the other hand research in the area of NIM/PNI brings hope that all is not lost - even in these most devastating illnesses we can still find healing and wholeness.
A holistic approach teaches people the connection between behaviour, attitudes and autonomic neurophysiological functions. This is far more effective than merely giving drugs to regulate blood pressure. These drugs often produce side effects which can be more disturbing than the disorder itself. In additon, the cost of drugs and the need to keep taking them for an extended time, makes this treatment unsatisfactory as well as out of the reach for the poor.
We need to try out these methods of healing. Nurses need to be trained to assess the psychological, physiololgical, and social status of the patient. Health team members need to gather details regarding life style, activities, and coping modes. Then, by identifying the sources of strees, we can sensitize the person to crucial body signals and show how to take steps to reduce stress. Individual or group therapy can be used to teach meditation, progressive relaxation, yoga, hypnosis, boifeedback, exercise, and proper diet. Now what does all this mean to hospitals and health personnel in India? that we cannot be content to maintain the status quo, but must thrust ahead into this new area of healing by supporting and taking part in clinical research. We need to broaden our treatment to include body, mind, emotions, spirit and environment.

FINDING THE HEALER WITHIN
In the spirit of holism but much more scientific is the new discipline of behavioural medicine, the clinical expression of PNI/NIM. In the history of modren medicine it represents what could be considered the third revolution. The first, the surgical revolution, began with the discovery of ether anesthesia in 1846. It developed to the point where almost any part of the body can be replaced. This had both positive and negative effects - such as : such heavy costs that whole families went bankrupt to try to cure one member, untold suffering of all types (other members neglected as all focussed on the patient; extremely painful remedies: surgery, injections etc; mental auguish as to when rejection might begin, life expectancy, etc.). Then with the introduction of penicillin in 1941, came the chemical Revolution; miracle drugs were seen as the ultimate weapons against infectious disease. This reached a point where drugs could no longer be found effective, and people experienced resistant strains which nothing could touch. Also many people died from side effects of drugs and gradually the public grew leary of medicines as the panacea for all ills. And so in the 1960’s we saw the behavioural revolution. This recognized the psychological components and at a conference in 1977 at yale University, behavioral medicine officially became a new discipline. They discussed how they could help medicine incorporate into modern clinical practice the insight that people could to more to control the state of their health.
Behavioral medicine is multidisciplined and insists on partnership between the patient and the healer in the process of treatment. They walk hand in hand the road to health. This method can use any method of healing, it is an inspirational, eclectic attitude, nondogmatic in approach. Therapies are suggested by a broad mix of scientific experts: clinical psychologists, epidemiologists, experimental psychologists, psychiatrists, etc. Each one applies the knowledge and insights gleaned from their research and clinical practice. We do not wish to infer here that PNI/NIM is the only answer to all ills in the future. If we have learned anything from the history of medicine, it should be this. No one therapy is universally beneficial. Each person is unique and responds uniquely. Much more research is needed to verify this. Interesting studies are underway - even some with AIDs patients.

HOW DO YOU USE PNI/NIM IN THERAPY?

I. IMAGERY IN DIAGNOSIS

1. Guide the client to replace all negative images with positive. Every thought is accompanied by electro-chemical change.
2. Allow negative emotions to surface and deal with them psycho-therapeutically. Positive programming strengthens the immune system.
3. Teach the method of using imagery for healing in a quiet, cool, private place.
4. Teach the client about the anatomy and physiology of their disease and the effect of treatment.
5. Identify stressors in the client’s life and use stress management to deal with them.
6. Teach progressive relaxation techniques - biogenics, yoga, Nidra, pranayama, Biofeedback, etc.
   It is necessary to learn to relax deeply beforehand. This may take 3-6 weeks practice. Then the thoughts and external stimuli don’t compete with the production of imagery. See Holistic Health Work Book section of Relaxation and Guided Imagery, pp.138-151.
7. Educational inputs to change unhealthy attitudes, beliefs, and values in illness/healing.
8. Develop specially prepared (by healer and client) guided imagery medittaions for the client to use 15-20 minutes three times a day. These mind exercise guide the immune system to heal.
9. Client must take responsibility - take an active role in maintaining health and preventing illness. The power of healing resides as much in the client as the healer (partnership).
10. use any therapies, jointly decided, from any system of medicine.
11. The forms used to make the diagnosis are included in Volume III of this series. It is a time consuming process of history taking and interviewing.
12. What passes through the mind can produce alterations in the body’s chemistry.
13. Hope enhancing exercise are given to shape beneficial attitudes toward healing.
14. Suggestions are given on how to improve the imagery which is drawn at least once a week.
15. Get the client to write about their current state of mind, moods, recent life crises, hardiness quotient, and dominant personality traits.

All this leads to the beginning of the therapy procedure. In diagnosis the client understands the meaning of disease. Many images of treatment are corrected. Beliefs, values, and attitudes are gradually changed. Education helps the person understand their role in strengthening the immune system. if the right brain imagery was absent or weak, it has been stimulated through various exercises to play its role in healing.

II. IMAGERY IN THERAPY

1. The client led to create an imaginary situation where the disease is released through the treatment and the body’s healing mechanism.
2. Client must spend at least 30 minutes a day exclusively in mental imagery - beginning with relaxation, and then image work. Spontaneous changes in images often foretell important physical changes. These are drawn in colours. The imagery reflects their attitudes. These are assessed and sharpened, made more vivid, more active, more effective in healing.
3. Mental rehearsal is used to deal with painful or anxiety laden events. This technique informs, desensitizes, reduces anxiety, and provides helpful suggestions on relaxing and using the mind to face or escape difficult times and reduces discomfort.
   Clients are led on an imaginary jouney through the fearful experience. It may be confronting the boss, or an angry person, or a painful procedure, or self-doubt, or a poor self-image. Through this rehearsal they train themselves and other peoples behavuiour that previously inhibited them. They develop courage, fortitude, and the ability to face the unknown. This is the key and preliminary to effective assertiveness training.
4. Retrain the immune system.
5. Deep relationship of trust, love, and faith between healer and haelee helps the healing process. Beliefs become especially potent when shared by both (Partnership in healing).
6. Discover and utilize a healing symbol. This is used to focus attention during relaxation.

CLINICAL RESEARCH

There is a great need for clinical research in the effectiveness of these methods. We must collaborate with allopathic practitioners who are open to it, and systematically study the result of each healing method to give it credibility among out medical colleagues and the public. Appendix 1 is Celine Payyappilly’s case study on her move toward holistic health. At present she is doing work for her doctorate in holistic health developing the Intensive Case Study method for clinical research in holistic therapies. Her doctoral dissertation will be published in Volume II of this series. It will include some case studies and lesson plans for use by individuals and groups in their healing process.
We have looked at the future fringe of medical science and gazed into the future - a beginning of a new paradigm of health care and wellness. We see good work being done in Holistic Health Centres around the country, and we have worked out a new research methodology for this new type of clinical research - using the psycho-technologies described in this chapter. Our hope is thta this research will take us even further in our search for new ways of healing.